structure of kidney

Amino Acid Structures

Amino Acid General Structure	Alanine	Arginine Chemical Structure	Asparagine Chemical Structure
Aspartic Acid	Cysteine	L-Glutamic Acid Chemical Structure	L-Glutamine Chemical Structure
Glycine Chemical Structure	L-Histidine Chemical Structure	Isoleucine Chemical Structure	Leucine Chemical Structure

Science History of December 6

1920 - George Porter was born.

Porter was an British chemist who shares half the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Ronald Norrish for their research into very fast chemical reactions. They used pulses of light to increase the number of free radicals in some organic compounds to determine the intermediate steps to perform these reactions.

1900 - George Eugene Uhlenbeck was born.

Uhlenbeck was a Dutch-American physicist who proposed the idea of electron spin with Samuel Abraham. Electron spin is the fourth quantum number and describes an intrinsic angular momentum of an electron. Spin can have one of two values, typically called spin up or spin down. He is also known for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process that describes Brownian motion in a fluid with friction.

1893 - Johann Rudolf Wolf died.

Wikimedia Commons

Wolf was a Swiss astronomer who discovered the sun spot cycle discovered by Heinrich Schwabe had a period of 11.1 years and was linked to geomagnetic activity on Earth. During his research, he developed a method of measuring the activity of sunspots known as the Wolf sunspot number that is in use today.

1863 - Charles Martin Hall was born.

Wikimedia Commons

Hall was an American chemist who discovered an inexpensive method to refine aluminum from ore. He built an apparatus that passed an alternating electrical current through a solution of alumina and cryolite that would cause aluminum metal to precipitate out. This process was also discovered by French chemist, Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult at nearly the same time and is generally known as the Hall-Héroult process. It was responsible for greatly reducing the cost to produce aluminum and made it one of the most widely used metals today.

1848 - Johann Palisa was born.

Palisa was an Austrian astronomer who is considered to be the most successful visual discoverer of asteroids. He discovered 122 asteroids, many using only a 6-inch refracting telescope.

1778 - Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac was born.

Library of Congress

Gay-Lussac was a French chemist who stated two ideal gas laws: Charles's Law and the Law of Combining Volumes. He discovered the element boron. He also established a standard for measuring alcohol co

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates or saccharides are the most abundant class of biomolecules. Carbohydrates are used to store energy, though they serve other important functions as well. This is an overview of carbohydrate chemistry, including a look at the types of carbohydrates, their functions, and carbohydrate classification.

What Is a Carbohydrate?

Carbohydrates are a common class of simple organic compouds. A carbohydrate is an aldehyde or a ketone that has additional hydroxyl groups. The simplest carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, which has the basic structure (C·H₂O)_n, where n is three or greater. Monosaccharides link together to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Two monosaccharides link together to form a disaccharide.

Functions of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates serve several biochemical functions:

• Monosaccharides are a fuel for celular metabolism.
• Monosaccharides are used in several biosynthesis reactions.
• Monosaccharides may be converted into space-saving polysaccharides, such as glyocogen and starch. These molecules provide stored energy for plant and animal cells.
• Carbohydrates are used to form structural elements, such as chitin in animals and cellulose in plants.
• Carbohydrates and modified carbohydrates are important for an organism's fertilization, development, blood clotting and immune system function.

Examples of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides: chitin, cellulose

Carbohydrate Classification

Three characteristics are used to classify monosaccharides:

• number of carbon atoms in the molecule
• location of the carbonyl group
• the chirality of the carbohydrate

aldose - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is an aldehyde ketone - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is a ketone
triose - monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms
tetrose - monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms
pentose - monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms
hexose - monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
aldohexose - 6-carbon aldehyde (e.g., glucose)
aldopentose - 5-carbon aldehyde (e.g., ribose)
ketohexose - 6-carbon hexose (e.g., fructose)
A monosaccharide is D or L depending on the orientation of the asymmetric carbon located furthest from the carbonyl group. In a D sugar, the hydroxyl group is on the right the molecule when written as a Fischer projection. If the hydroxyl group is on the left of the molecule, then it is an L sugar.

What Are the Elements in the Human Body?

 What Are the Elements in the Human Body?

Answer: Most of the human body is made up of water, H₂O, with cells consisting of 65-90% water by weight. Therefore, it isn't surprising that most of a human body's mass is oxygen. Carbon, the basic unit for organic molecules, comes in second. 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of just six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.

1. Oxygen (65%)
2. Carbon (18%)
3. Hydrogen (10%)
4. Nitrogen (3%)
5. Calcium (1.5%)
6. Phosphorus (1.0%)
7. Potassium (0.35%)
8. Sulfur (0.25%)
9. Sodium (0.15%)
10. Magnesium (0.05%)
11. Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%)
12. Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)